The Courtier and the Heretic - Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World

Philosophy in the late seventeenth century was a dangerous business. No careerist could afford to know the reclusive, controversial philosopher Baruch de Spinoza. Yet the wildly ambitious genius Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who denounced Spinoza in public, became privately obsessed with Spinoza's ideas, wrote him clandestine letters, and ultimately met him in secret.

Both men put their faith in the guidance of reason, but one spent his life defending a God he may not have believed in, while the other believed in a God who did not need his defense. Ultimately, the two thinkers represent radically different approaches to the challenges of the modern era. They stand for a choice that we all must make.

Matthew Stewart is the author of Nature's God: The Heretical Origins of the American Republic, and The Management Myth: Debunking the Modern Philosophy of Business. He lives in Boston, Massachusetts.